Editor’s Note: Two days ago we published a speech by Bill Schambra in which he blasted the practices of so-called strategic philanthropy. The speech was given at the Hewlett Foundation which is to be commended for its openness to challenge. Schambra likes a full throated debate so he invited Paul Brest, the former president of the Hewlett Foundation to respond so here are his thoughts and, as a special added bonus, those of the current president of the Hewlett Foundation, Larry Kramer. Please chime in with your own opinions!
It’s the summer of 1854, and a delegation from London’s Soho Neighborhood Center visits the director of the London Community Foundation. They are accompanied by the Reverend Henry Whitehead, of Soho’s St. Luke’s church, and Bill Schambra, an advisor.
The neighborhood is suffering from a terrible cholera epidemic, with hundreds of people dying. Noting that cholera is caused by bad air, or “miasma,” the delegation asks the Foundation to fund the purchase of face masks for members of this poor community.
The London Community Foundation prides itself on being strategic in the sense that it tries to make decisions based on the best available empirical evidence. In anticipation of the meeting, it studied the research of John Snow, a physician, who posits that cholera is the result of fecal contamination of drinking water. He sought to demonstrate his conclusion with statistics that showed a concentration of cases of cholera near the Broad Street pump, from which Soho residents get their water.
“Balderdash,” says Reverend Whitehead. “The epidemic is the result of divine intervention, and I am leading the community in daily prayers. I don’t give any credence to this fancy new social science of statistics. Moreover, if you look at Dr. Snow’s map, you’ll see that there are people living near the pump—including the residents of a monastery—who are free from disease, and people on the outskirts of the neighborhood who have died from it. Moreover, Dr. Snow’s theory of fecal contamination is too disgusting for our residents to contemplate.”
The director of the Soho Neighborhood Center patiently explains to the foundation director: “We live in the neighborhood. You and Dr. Snow don’t. Don’t put more trust in Dr. Snow’s credentials than in our hard-won, practical, face-to-face understanding of our own community. As a long-standing and reputable center of community life, we know our neighborhood. Our duty as a front-line charity isn’t to sit around and speculate about abstract explanations for human need. It’s to meet the real, everyday, concrete human needs of those coming through our doors, regardless of the bewilderingly diverse causes that bring them to us. And we need face masks to protect against the miasma!”
The Neighborhood Center’s advisor, Bill Schambra, chimes in: “If you doubt the quality of the Center’s work, go down to the neighborhood and check it out, armed with common sense. Is its parking lot full of horses? Is the lobby echoing with noise, bustle, and confusion? Is this where people tend to come first when they encounter problems of any and all sorts, whether or not listed on the group’s mission statement? Do local residents and community elders have a high opinion of it? Does the neighborhood value it enough to protect it from vandalism and graffiti, and to support it with volunteer time and small donations?”
Mr. Schambra asserts that these factors count for a lot more that the “fundamentally science-based approach to solving human problems [that] lies behind strategic philanthropy.” He enjoins the Community Foundation’s director: “Don’t give them a lecture about needing to come up with a logic model to justify what you know they’ve been doing quite well for years. Just write the damned check.”
The foundation director replies that he will provide funds to meet the immediate need of burying the dead, but not for face masks, which he is quite sure will do no good. He asks, “Would you just try removing the handle from the Broad Street pump for a few weeks, and see if this brings the epidemic to an end?” But it is to no avail.
Related Articles:
The Problem of Strategic Philanthropy (According to Bill Schambra)
It’s Not Herbal Tea: The Hewlett Foundation’s Balanced Approach to Strategic Philanthropy
The underlying story is true. The Reverend Whitehead, being more open-minded than many, eventually adopted Dr. Snow’s theory; the pump handle was removed and the epidemic abated. (The monks didn’t contract cholera because they drank only beer.)
There are literally countless similar stories of halting steps toward improving outcomes—not only in medicine and public health, but in social interventions ranging from drug and teen pregnancy prevention in the United States to strategies for improving the lives of the world’s poorest through conditional and unconditional cash transfers. This is why humans continue to study and experiment to try to improve their knowledge. So what are the lessons for philanthropy?
- The lessons certainly do not include ignoring local knowledge. In this case, local knowledge was wrong. But as the strategic philanthropist Fay Twersky and her colleagues have written, the voices of beneficiaries often speak with great wisdom.
- But pay attention to empirical evidence as well. Statistics is (virtually by definition) an inexact social science, but statistical methods often can provide insights about the underlying causes of problems and about potential solutions as well.
- Many real-world problems don’t lend themselves to a neat separation of the natural and social sciences. The staff of Hal Harvey’s and my hypothetical Northside Neighborhood Center believed that the problem was seasonal unemployment (social), while the Community Foundation personnel thought it might be lack of flu immunization (natural). In the Soho case, residents believed both that the cholera epidemic was the result of miasma (natural) and divine intervention (supernatural).
- Natural science and social science theories can never be proven for sure. Well-accepted theories may turn out to be wrong, and sometimes it’s wise to hedge one’s bets. (Given the state of knowledge in 1854, perhaps the London Community Foundation would have been wise to provide face masks at the same time as it tried to persuade Soho residents to stop getting drinking water from the Broad Street pump.)
- At any given time, we can only base decisions on the best evidence available. The germ theory of disease was not known in 1854, and Dr. Snow had to rely largely on statistics. And statistics remains an essential and very powerful tool for understanding what works in both the natural and social sciences. Take a look at the Poverty Action Lab’s and the What Works Clearinghouse’s websites. Even when social science can only tell us what doesn’t work, this is an incredibly valuable insight that can avoid long and expensive trips down the wrong path.
- And finally, eschew radical ignorance of science, whether natural or social. It is a rhetorical ploy and no way to help improve those most in need.
