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Policy

Childhood Poverty Costs US More Than $1 Trillion a Year, Researchers Find

Steve Dubb
April 17, 2018
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By Tspvmo44 [CC BY-SA 4.0], from Wikimedia Commons

April 15, 2018; New York Times

We all know that poverty extracts a heavy toll on the poor, but what are the economic costs to US society as a whole? Recently, Washington University social work professor and renown poverty researcher Mark Rank and his colleague Michael McLaughlin decided to run the numbers and find out.

As Rank explains in a New York Times op-ed, “In particular, we examined the effect that childhood poverty has upon future economic productivity, health care and criminal justice costs, and increased expenses as a result of child homelessness and maltreatment.”

The results?

Rank explains that in a study published last month in Social Work Research, he and McLaughlin “determined that childhood poverty cost the nation $1.03 trillion in 2015 alone. This number represented 5.4 percent of the GDP. Impoverished children grow up possessing fewer skills and are thus less able to contribute to the productivity of the economy. They are also more likely to experience frequent health care problems and to engage in crime. These costs are borne by the children themselves, but ultimately by the wider society as well.”

In the article, McLaughlin and Rank break down these costs as follows:

Type of Cost Dollar Amount (in billions) 
Reduced earnings294.0
Increased victimization costs of street crime200.6
Increased health costs192.1
Increased corrections and crime deterrence costs122.5
Increased child homelessness costs96.9
Increased social costs of incarceration83.2
Increased child maltreatment costs40.5
Total cost of child poverty1,029.8

Looked at in terms of percentages, crime and incarceration (the second and fourth and sixth listed items above) generate the greatest costs (39 percent of total costs). Reduced lifetime earnings are another 29 percent and ill health is 19 percent. Child homeless (9 percent of costs) and child mistreatment (4 percent) round out the numbers.

The calculations that McLaughlin and Rank made were based on 2015 dollars. Rank notes that in 2015, the Congressional Budget Office reports that the federal government spent $3.7 trillion. Thus, “the annual cost of childhood poverty represented 28 percent of the entire federal budget.”

What’s more, McLaughlin and Rank looked at whether poverty reduction might, in essence, pay for themselves—that is, is it more expensive to spend money on social services to reduce poverty or is not spending the money more expensive? The answer: for each dollar spent on reducing childhood poverty, “the country would save at least $7.”

Again, the details are available in McLaughlin and Rank’s Social Work Research article:

[Children’s Defense Fund], in conjunction with the Urban Institute, has estimated that childhood poverty could be reduced by 60 percent at a cost of $77 billion (Giannarelli, Lippold, Minton, & Wheaton, 2015)… Similarly, Shaefer and colleagues (2016) have estimated that by transforming the child tax credit into a universal child allowance, childhood poverty could be reduced by 40 percent to 50 percent, with extreme poverty eradicated, at a cost of approximately $70 billion. Taking these studies into account, if we assume that childhood poverty could be roughly cut in half through an annual expenditure of $70 billion, that $70 billion would save us approximately half of the $1.0298 trillion that we project poverty costs us, or $515 billion.

Rank concludes: “Most of us are familiar with the saying, ‘An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.’ It turns out that this is particularly true in the case of poverty.”—Steve Dubb

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About The Author
Steve Dubb

Steve Dubb is a senior editor at NPQ, where he directs NPQ’s economic justice program, including NPQ’s Economy Remix column. Steve has worked with cooperatives and nonprofits for over two decades, including twelve years at The Democracy Collaborative and three years as executive director of NASCO (North American Students of Cooperation). In his work, Steve has authored, co-authored and edited numerous reports; participated in and facilitated learning cohorts; designed community building strategies; and helped build the field of community wealth building. Steve is the lead author of Building Wealth: The Asset-Based Approach to Solving Social and Economic Problems (Aspen 2005) and coauthor (with Rita Hodges) of The Road Half Traveled: University Engagement at a Crossroads, published by MSU Press in 2012. In 2016, Steve curated and authored Conversations on Community Wealth Building, a collection of interviews of community builders that Steve had conducted over the previous decade.

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