A painting of a woman reaching up to the sky above a rushing river. She opens portal that is topped by a sun.
Image: “In Communication with the Sun” by Renée Laprise

Editors’ note: This piece is from Nonprofit Quarterly Magazine’s fall 2024 issue, “Supporting the Youth Climate Justice Movement.”

The climate crisis is taking a huge toll everywhere and on everyone—but particularly on communities considered more vulnerable. Among these are women and girls in the Global South, who face unique challenges due to intersecting oppressions—in this case, those having to do with gender, age, location, and socioeconomic status. Intersectionality is crucial to understanding how different forms of inequality interact to make some communities more vulnerable than others. Global Majority women and girls face significant and multifaceted climate challenges that amplify—and are amplified by—already existing gender inequalities.1 This is especially true for marginalized groups like women and girls who are Indigenous, Afro-descendent, of the LGBTQIA+ community, differently abled, and/or on the move.2

Key Impacts of the Climate Crisis on Women and Girls

Climate disasters disproportionately affect women and girls, due to disparities in information, mobility, decision-making power, and access to resources. According to the United Nations Development Programme, women and children are 14 times more likely to die during a disaster compared to men.3 During and after climate disasters, access to such essential services as women’s and girls’ mental and physical healthcare overall is often severely constrained,4 and access to sexual and reproductive health and rights, including maternal care, becomes limited or stops altogether.5

Furthermore, as the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights has highlighted, displacement, such as that resulting from climate disasters, often forces women and girls into precarious situations in which they are at greater risk of various forms of violence, including sexual abuse and human trafficking.6 Camps for internally displaced persons and refugees are prone to becoming hot spots for sexual and gender-based violence.7

Although women and girls experience the greatest impacts of climate change, national climate policies rarely consider their unique needs.

And the disruption to education due to climate disasters only compounds the problems. Often, when families face climate-related challenges, girls’ education is the first thing to be sacrificed. Girls get taken out of school to care for siblings and/or help with locating food and water, disrupting their education and future opportunities.8 According to the Malala Fund, by 2025, “climate change will be a contributing factor in preventing at least 12.5 million girls from completing their education each year.”9 Furthermore, the impacts of climate change on food security, such as higher rates of anemia, disproportionately affect adolescent girls, further exacerbating educational disruptions.10 For countries in Africa that are vulnerable to climate change, girls’ education is directly affected, as families already often prioritize the education of boys, which of course is compounded when resources become scarce.11

Disruption to education has long-term effects, as it not only limits girls’ future economic opportunities but also increases their vulnerability to child marriage and early pregnancy.12 Child marriage rates increase, as families use it as a coping mechanism for economic hardships caused by climate change, putting “millions of girls at risk of sexual and physical abuse, early pregnancy and maternal death.”13 A report by Save the Children highlights this relationship between climate change and the rise in child marriage rates.14 In regions of Africa and South Asia, climate disasters such as floods and droughts increase poverty and food insecurity, prompting families to marry off their daughters at a young age as a survival strategy. In Bangladesh, for instance, climate disasters have led to a 39 percent increase in child marriages, as families struggle to cope with the economic fallout of these events.15 UNICEF also underscores that climate change impacts adolescent girls by limiting their access to vital social services, which further entrenches cycles of poverty and vulnerability.16

Although women and girls experience the greatest impacts of climate change, national climate policies rarely consider their unique needs. For instance, only a small percentage of Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement explicitly mention gender equality.17 Women and girls from Global Majority countries face significant barriers to participating in such high-level international events as Conference of the Parties (COP), including lack of funding and visa restrictions—often referred to as visa apartheid—which prevent many from attending crucial discussions and decision-making forums. Despite women’s and girls’ critical role in climate action and the innovative solutions they bring, their work often does not receive sustainable or core funding. This exclusion of women and girls not only undermines the effectiveness of climate policies but also perpetuates the cycle of inequality, as their perspectives and needs get continually overlooked in global climate strategies.

Investing in gender-transformative education and policies is essential. It empowers women and girls to become leaders.

And while the precise amount of funding allocated specifically to young women and girls globally with respect to climate action is difficult to determine, due to the lack of comprehensive data and transparency in funding mechanisms, it is widely acknowledged that women-led climate initiatives are significantly underfunded compared to those led by their male counterparts. According to various reports, only a small fraction of global climate finance directly targets gender equality. In fact, it is estimated that less than 1 percent of international climate finance gets directed toward environmental projects with a primary focus on gender equality.18 And funding for youth-led climate action overall is also insufficient, despite the critical role that young people play in driving innovative and effective climate solutions. The lack of dedicated financial resources and institutional support for youth-led climate action remains a significant barrier to their full participation and impact in the climate space.

What Global Majority Women and Girls in the Climate Space Need

Young women and girls in the Global South are massively underrepresented in climate decision-making processes. This lack of representation means that their voices are excluded. It’s all about them without them. In Sudan, for example, the marginalization is acute. “One of the biggest challenges is the lack of access for the voice of the Sudanese to most programs,” noted Leena Eissa, a passionate climate advocate. “We [are] really marginalized.”19

Access to Education and Mentorship

Access to education is key where representation is concerned. Education has been a cornerstone for many young climate activists. Alejandra Gonzales Rocabado, an environmental economist from Bolivia, described how scholarships enabled her to pursue advanced studies in economics and environmental economics: “Through significant effort, I was fortunate to access quality education, earning full scholarships for both my undergraduate degree in Bolivia and my masters at the London School of Economics,” she said.20 However, she noted that such opportunities are not common in Bolivia, especially for women—highlighting the need for more educational programs and scholarships. And in Egypt, where Eissa relocated from Sudan, Eissa emphasized the importance of continuous learning: “I participated in many climate programs and competitions, such as the Arab Youth Hackathon and Climatic Peace competition, and I continue to educate others,” she explained.21 This proactive approach to education has been crucial in empowering her to engage effectively in climate action.

Investing in gender-transformative education and policies is essential. It empowers women and girls to become leaders. Gonzales Rocabado emphasized, “Education opens doors and empowers girls to take on leadership roles in climate justice. However, this education must be inclusive and transformative, targeting not only women but also addressing the cultural and stereotypical ideas that men may have about women’s capabilities and roles.”22

The emotional toll for young women on the front lines is compounded by experiences of displacement, abuse, and various forms of violence that intersect with their activism.

While education provides knowledge, mentorship offers guidance and support, which are vital for navigating the complexities of climate activism. However, many activists report a lack of adequate mentorship. Meghna Chakkraborty, a dedicated water professional from India, highlighted this deficiency by saying, “Mentorship remains a gap, as many water professionals in the region lack local or region-specific knowledge and hands-on training.”23 While some activists have had access to valuable resources, many others struggle to find support that meets their needs. Rania Harrara, a human rights defender and environmentalist from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, described the challenges she faced in accessing relevant education and mentorship: “Before college, climate change wasn’t even on our curriculum. That’s why I’m working with UNICEF Morocco to push for environmental education that speaks to our realities,” she said.24 She also emphasized the lack of mentors who understand the cultural and political challenges faced by young women in the region. For some other activists, personal experiences have been a powerful fount of education and motivation. Tanuja Pandey described how witnessing the environmental destruction of her homeland inspired her to become an intersectional climate activist. “My childhood was spent in the Terai region [Nepal], where I witnessed the complete destruction of once-green landscapes due to floods. This experience became my primary source of education on climate change,” she noted.25

Safe Environments and Trauma Care

Systemic issues further exacerbate the challenges faced by women activists. The safety of climate activists is a significant concern, particularly in politically unstable regions. In El Salvador, activists face a very hostile environment. The government either ignores or actively opposes environmental efforts. As Andrea Valeria Rivera Velado, a human rights activist and lawyer from El Salvador, described it, “The government is corrupt, authoritarian, and predatory of the environment. It attacks, blocks, and criminalizes dissenting voices.”26 In Nepal, the patriarchal society similarly compounds these challenges. Pandey recounted: “Being a female in a patriarchal country like Nepal inherently comes with challenges. If you are young and female, you get a double whammy. I’ve encountered character assassination and distrust in my leadership just because of my gender.”27 In Nepal, activists protesting against environmentally destructive projects have faced severe reprisals. Pandey shared her experience: “We were labeled ‘anti-development’ not just by the general public but also by the government. We faced death threats, rape threats, and character assassination.”28

Indeed, said Harrara, “The lack of safety for organizers in our region is a constant threat, yet we persist. We’re done being token representatives or case studies. We are the leaders this movement needs, and it’s time for the world to recognize that.”29

Adding to this, activists often experience mental health repercussions. As Pandey noted, “The emotional toll [on me] of witnessing environmental degradation and constant resistance has led to burnout and mental health issues.”30 The emotional toll for young women on the front lines is compounded by experiences of displacement, abuse, and various forms of violence that intersect with their activism. Many face forced migration, losing their homes and communities, which disrupts their sense of belonging and safety. Such displacement and abuses can result in deep psychological burdens as young women navigate the traumas of both systemic oppression and the impacts of the climate crisis.

Gender-Responsive Climate Policies and Investment

Young women climate activists from the Global Majority frequently encounter difficulties in securing the necessary funds to sustain and scale their projects. “We’re left scraping for resources to protect our communities from climate disasters. It’s time for allies and supporters to put their money where their mouth is and prioritize funding for Global South activists who are on the front lines of this crisis,” said Harrara.31 In the same region, in Sudan, on top of experiencing so much war, the lack of funding severely limits climate efforts. Eissa shared: “We were working with a group of young people without funding to support our projects, and we were just 17 and 18 years old. This made all awareness programs challenging due to the lack of resources.”32

These challenges know no borders. Gonzales Rocabado also spoke about the difficulties: “Coming from the Global South, one of the main challenges I face in addressing the climate crisis is the difficulty in securing funding for climate projects.”33 She also explained how young women often face cultural biases that undermine their leadership: “In meetings, my capabilities are often underestimated, and I am not always taken seriously.”34 Young women often find themselves in leadership roles without genuine authority. This lack of decision-making power hinders their ability to effect meaningful change. “There’s a tendency to appoint youth to leadership roles in name only, without providing them with genuine decision-making power and support,” Pandey said.35

Promoting gender equality within climate action initiatives and ensuring that women and girls have equal access to resources, decision-making processes, and leadership roles will create a more sustainable and impactful movement for climate justice.

Political contexts can also impede climate action. In Bolivia, the intersection of politics and climate change presents significant challenges. The government is often reluctant to adopt market mechanisms to reduce carbon emissions due to ideological stances, which deters philanthropy. Gonzales Rocabado noted, “Bolivia’s current and prospective political and economic instability discourages external funding, given our low investment confidence ratings.”36

Clearly, there is a critical need for investment in gender-responsive climate policies and investments that address the specific needs and priorities of women and girls. Climate policy must be equitable, intersectional, multisectoral, intergenerational, decolonial, and feminist to address the climate crisis effectively. However, national climate policies rarely consider the needs and rights of women and girls, often viewing them just as vulnerable groups rather than agents of change. We must implement gender-responsive policies that recognize and mitigate gender inequalities exacerbated by climate change. This includes investing in initiatives that support women and girls economically, socially, and politically—ensuring their voices are heard and their leadership roles are supported.

According to Gonzales Rocabado,

Policies should include components that address gender disparities arising from climate impacts and climate action. For instance, the implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions can significantly affect the labor market, often disproportionately impacting women. Many women work in sectors like agriculture that require less formal education and are particularly sensitive to climate change. Gender-responsive policies should consider these nuances to mitigate adverse impacts on women and girls and promote equitable opportunities in emerging green sectors.37

Investing in women’s and girls’ leadership is essential. Eissa highlighted the need to “allocate resources to support their participation in climate justice movements, including training, mentorship, and networking opportunities. Recognize the intersectionality of gender issues, acknowledging that these are intertwined with other factors such as race, class, and ethnicity. Incorporate intersectional approaches in climate justice movements to address the specific needs of women and girls.”38

Promoting gender equality within climate action initiatives and ensuring that women and girls have equal access to resources, decision-making processes, and leadership roles will create a more sustainable and impactful movement for climate justice. Prioritizing their needs and perspectives will build a more resilient and inclusive society better equipped to address the urgent challenges of climate change.

To truly address climate justice, we must meet the needs of women and girls, especially those from the MENA region, who are at the forefront of this fight yet often overlooked. Harrara observed,

The devastating earthquake in Morocco [in 2023] starkly highlighted how climate disasters disproportionately impact girls, disrupting their education, compromising their health, and increasing their vulnerability. We need a radical shift in our approach: implementing gender-responsive policies, investing in girls’ education and leadership, and providing targeted funding and resources for young female activists in MENA. It’s crucial to create safe spaces for girls to develop their capacities and lead climate initiatives. Moreover, we must decolonize our strategies, challenging Western-centric narratives and empowering local, Indigenous perspectives.39

Ensuring equal resources and opportunities for capacity building, mentorship, and leadership training specifically tailored to women and girls involved in climate justice movements is crucial. This, according to Pandey, includes “providing funding for women-led organizations, offering skills-development trainings, facilitating networking opportunities, and providing a space for their initiatives. It’s also important to recognize intersectionality, ensuring equity in access to resources, not only in funding but also in technology and information.”40 While many have spoken about the lack of funding, it is clear that nonfinancial resources are equally crucial. By providing the necessary tools and support, these resources enable women and girls to lead effective climate actions, advocate for their communities, and contribute to a more sustainable future. We must invest in climate activists beyond the financial aspect. Intergenerational mentorship and dialogue are essential, allowing us to learn from one another and build a more inclusive and resilient movement. Expanding access to these opportunities, particularly in regions where they are scarce, is a pressing need that must be addressed to support this generation of women climate leaders.

Their Vital Leadership Recognized and Supported

Ensuring that young women and girls have a space to raise their voices and showcase their agency in shaping their future is crucial for driving transformative change. By amplifying the voices of young women and girls, we allow them to unlock their immense potential. Their experiences and insights lead to more inclusive and effective climate action. “Young women and girls, especially those from the Global South, are often on the front lines of climate impacts, facing the direct consequences of environmental degradation, like water scarcity and food insecurity. Their firsthand knowledge and innovative approaches to climate action can drive more resilient and sustainable outcomes. Moreover, amplifying their voices helps to address systemic gender inequalities,”41 said Gonzales Rocabado. Involving young women and girls in climate policies also fosters intergenerational equity. Their insights and concerns are vital for long-term planning, as they will inherit the future shaped by today’s decisions. “By including them in the conversation, we ensure that climate policies are more representative, comprehensive, and effective in tackling the multifaceted challenges of climate change,”42 she added.

Because governments, societies, and industries continue to operate in a patriarchal, colonial, and capitalistic way, we must confront these systems and ensure that young women and girls have the right to be heard in climate decisions. Rivera Velado highlighted the need to recognize their specific needs, declaring, “We must acknowledge and address the unique challenges young women face due to climate change.”43 The climate crisis is a reflection of the deep-rooted inequalities in our world, and young women and girls are among those most severely affected, and should be supported to lead the movement. As Harrara passionately explained,

Climate change in MENA doesn’t just mean rising temperatures; it means increased violence against women, forced child marriages as families struggle with climate-induced poverty, and girls dropping out of school to fetch water from distant sources. This isn’t just an environmental issue; it’s about our lives and futures. We need our rightful place at the helm of climate policy and action.44

Women and girls frequently lead community-based climate initiatives, driving innovative solutions and fostering resilience at the grassroots level. Their leadership is pivotal in implementing practical responses to climate impacts. When women constitute more than 50 percent of the population, neglecting their voices in a democratic context undermines the credibility of the system itself. “Including diverse voices, especially those of affected populations, in climate policy ensures decisions are grounded in varied perspectives and experiences,”45 explained Pandey. “This enhances policy legitimacy and effectiveness.”46 Amplifying voices isn’t about speaking for the voiceless but rather being supportive and being an ally. Young women and girls have been leading the way, and it is our duty to provide a platform for them rather than tokenizing their efforts to make ourselves look good.

***

Advancing the rights of young women and girls is a moral imperative. It is also an effective climate action strategy. Educating, funding, and including women and girls in climate decision-making improves community resilience. Research clearly shows that educated women are better equipped to adapt to climate change impacts and participate in decision-making processes, leading to more effective climate strategies.47 Young women in Global Majority countries have found education, mentorship, and capacity building to be critical. Despite the fact that young women and girls face significant barriers, these resources have empowered them to lead effective climate actions and initiatives.

And integrating gender equity and meaningful youth engagement in climate policy is essential for a just and effective response to the climate crisis. We must advocate for policies that incorporate gender and youth perspectives, so that we can address the specific vulnerabilities of young women and girls while leveraging their critical contributions. In that sense, education, mentorship, and capacity-building programs are vital.

They provide the foundational knowledge, skills, and networks necessary for young women and girls to continue being influential climate leaders.

The negligence of young women’s needs isn’t just an oversight; it’s a form of violence that perpetuates cycles of oppression. As noted earlier, when climate disasters strike, young women are often left without menstrual products, made vulnerable to sexual predators in unsecured refugee camps, and expected to shoulder the burden of care work. “It’s time to put us in leadership positions,” said Harrara. “We’re not just victims—we’re the visionaries and changemakers the world desperately needs.”48

The negligence of young women’s needs isn’t just an oversight; it’s a form of violence that perpetuates cycles of oppression.

Innovative Ways Young Women and Girls Are Tackling the Climate Crisis in Their Communities

As the climate crisis continues to intensify, young women and girls around the world are stepping up with innovative solutions tailored to their unique local contexts. Three examples of how they are making a significant impact in their communities, follow.

Fostering Environmental Education and Action in Zambia

In Zambia, Dalitso Mvula, a passionate climate advocate, is educating and mobilizing her community. Her multifaceted approach includes organizing educational campaigns and hands-on activities to raise awareness about climate change and promote environmental stewardship:

I have created and conducted a “think environment” campaign in three schools that targeted over 1,500 school-going children with the aim of training them on how to think about the environment. I have trained over 50 girls from seven different wards on climate change, its effects, and solutions. Additionally, I have trained 80 students on climate change and opportunities in the green space. 

I [also] participated in the review and validation of the first-ever Zambian National Adaptation Plan. My long-term goals are to spread awareness about climate change and help people in rural areas adapt.

I want to be part of the decision-makers who advocate for proper policies that are favorable for vulnerable communities’ livelihoods. My motivation is my drive to see people’s livelihoods improve and see the planet be a better place.

(Dalitso Mvula, interview with the author, June 26, 2024)

Empowering Women in Water Management in South Asia

South Asia Young Women in Water, cofounded by Meghna Chakkraborty, Monisha Tasnim, Humnah Fayyaz, Tabeer Riaz, and Sabina Khatri, is dedicated to helping cultivate a new generation of female leaders in the field.

One innovative way we address the climate crisis in our community is through South Asia Young Women in Water—the first-ever platform exclusively for women water professionals in the region. SAYWiW focuses on capacity building, knowledge sharing, and collaborative projects that empower women to lead sustainable water management and climate resilience initiatives. We also facilitate mentorship programs, conduct research on local water issues, and organize workshops and training sessions to enhance skills and foster leadership.

By creating a supportive network, we enable women to tackle climate challenges effectively and drive positive change in their communities.

(Meghna Chakkraborty, interview with the author, June 26, 2024)

Decolonizing the Climate Space for the SWANA Region

SWANA Climate Sirens is a crucial response to the enduring marginalization and colonial legacies pervasive in the South West Asia and North Africa region. Cofounded by Rania Harrara, the movement is driven by a passionate commitment to centering decolonial and Indigenous perspectives within the discourse of climate justice. By acknowledging and addressing the historical injustices exacerbated by colonialism, SWANA Climate Sirens seeks to elevate the voices, wisdom, and leadership of young women and girls from the region.

Central to its mission is the integration of traditional ecological knowledge and sustainable practices rooted in Indigenous communities across the SWANA region. This approach not only fosters more equitable climate action but also empowers young women to participate actively in global forums such as COP. Climate Sirens envisions a future where young SWANA women lead resilient communities through grassroots activism and innovative solutions.

(Rania Harrara, interview with the author, June 28, 2024)

 

Notes: 

  1. “Explainer: How gender inequality and climate change are interconnected,” UN Women, February 28, 2022, unwomen.org/en/news-stories/explainer/2022/02/explainer-how-gender-inequality-and-climate-change-are-interconnected.
  2. Ibid.; and “Women & Girls on the Move: A Snapshot of Available Evidence,” United Nations International Organization for Migration Global Data Institute, Thematic Brief, no. 2, March 2023.
  3. Asako Okai, “Women are hit hardest in disasters, so why are responses too often gender-blind?,” UNDP Blog, United Nations Development Programme, March 24, 2022, undp.org/blog/women-are-hit-hardest-disasters-so-why-are-responses-too-often-gender-blind.
  4. See Sediqa Husaini and Sara Davies, “Case Report: Another Burden to Bear: The Impacts of Climate Change on Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights and Services in Bangladesh,” Frontiers in Climate 4, (June 2022): 875515; and see Farzaneh Safajou, Fatemeh Nahidi, and Fazollah Ahmadi, “Reproductive health challenges during a flood: A qualitative study,” Nursing Open 11, no. 1 (November 2023): e2044.
  5. Irene Lafarga Previdi et , “The Impact of Natural Disasters on Maternal Health: Hurricanes Irma and María in Puerto Rico,” Children 9, no. 7 (June 2022): 940.
  6. “Climate change exacerbates violence against women and girls,” United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, July 12, 2022, ohchr.org/en/stories/2022/07/climate-change-exacerbates-violence-against-women-and-girls.
  7. Celia Duggan, “How Climate Change and Instability Exacerbate Sexual- and Gender-Based Violence and Violence Against Women and Girls,” National Organization for Women, December 7, 2023, now.org/blog/how-climate-change-and-instability-exacerbate-sexual-and-gender-based-violence-and-violence-against-women-and-girls/.
  8. “5 ways climate change is disrupting girls’ lives,” Plan International, accessed September 9, 2024, plan-international.org/case-studies/5-ways-climate-change-is-disrupting-girls-lives/.
  9. Lucia Fry and Philippa Lei, A greener, fairer future: Why leaders need to invest in climate and girls’ education (Washington, DC: Malala Fund, March 2021), 5.
  10. See Climate Change: Impact on Adolescent Girls (New York, NY: UNICEF; and Cairo, Egypt: Karama, 2023).
  11. Christina Kwauk and Dr. Liesbet Steer, “Four Ways that Climate Change Impacts Girls’ Education in Africa,” Global Center on Adaptation, January 24, 2023, gca.org/4-ways-that-climate-change-impacts-girls-education-in-africa/.
  12. “5 ways climate change is disrupting girls’ ”
  13. Ibid.
  14. “Girls Face Double Blow of Climate Change and Child Marriage,” Save the Children, news release, October 10, 2023, savethechildren.org.nz/media-hub/girls-face-double-blow-of-climate-change-and-child-marriage.
  15. Mehedi Hasan Marof, “‘One less mouth to feed’: Climate disasters linked to child marriage in Bangladesh,” Dialogue Earth, May 17, 2024, earth/en/climate/climate-disasters-linked-to-child-marriage-bangladesh/.
  16. Climate Change: Impact on Adolescent Girls, 8.
  17. Lorena Aguilar Revelo, Women’s autonomy and gender equality at the centre of climate action in Latin America and the Caribbean, Project Documents (LC/TS.2022/64) (Santiago, Chile: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean [ECLAC], 2022), 16, 26.
  18. Carla Lopez et , “The power of gender-just climate action and the urgent need for funding,” Alliance, March 26, 2024: www.alliancemagazine.org/analysis/the-transformative-power-of-gender-just-climate-action-and-the-urgent-need-for-funding/.
  19. Author interview with Leena Eissa, June 26, 2024.
  20. Author interview with Alejandra Gonzales Rocabado, June, 26, 2024.
  21. Author interview with Eissa.
  22. Author interview with Gonzales Rocabado.
  23. Author interview with Meghna Chakkraborty, June 26, 2024.
  24. Author interview with Rania Harrara, June 28, 2024.
  25. Author interview with Tanuja Pandey, June 28, 2024.
  26. Author interview with Andrea Valeria Rivera Velado, June 26, 2024.
  27. Author interview with Pandey.
  28. Ibid.
  29. Author interview with Harrara.
  30. Author interview with Pandey.
  31. Ibid.
  32. Author interview with Harrara.
  33. Author interview with Eissa.
  34. Author interview with Gonzales Rocabado.
  35. Ibid.
  36. Ibid.
  37. Ibid.
  38. Author interview with Rivera Velado.
  39. Author interview with Harrara.
  40. Author interview with Pandey.
  41. Author interview with Gonzales Rocabado.
  42. Ibid.
  43. Author interview with Rivera Velado.
  44. Author interview with Harrara.
  45. Author interview with Pandey.
  46. Ibid.
  47. Marta Pompili, “Gender Equality and Climate Change Mitigation: How Can the Two Go Hand in Hand?,” Equinet (European Network of Equality Bodies), April 16, 2024. equineteurope.org/gender-equality-and-climate-change-mitigation-how-can-the-two-go-hand-in-hand/.
  48. Author interview with Harrara.